Car Parking Slot Allocation System

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Parking in big parking lot can be very challenging and effortful. Even when an indication is provided that a small percentage of slots is still available in the enormous car parks, most drivers do not seem to be able to locate those slots. Car Parking Slot Allocation System is a system that automates the searching and guides drivers on which location is their chosen slot located in the parking area. The system is designed to prevent problems usually associated with parking cars in a certain parking lot. How does it work?When a car is waiting at the entrance, the operator will give the driver the slot card number indicating where to park in the area. This will avoid time delay if there are any cars waiting in the entrance waiting for their turn. How does the system know which parking slot to allocate? The group created a simulation of a parking lot which composed of two separate parking areas – Parking Area A and Parking Area B, an d thus each area is consisting of 40 parking slots. Because there are two parking areas in the parking lot, both of this areas will be applied using Allocation Algorithm.The application of Allocation algorithm in these areas will only allocate the vacant or available slots. Those slots that are not vacant or already occupied will not be allocated anymore and this will be ignored by the system. The purpose of this project is to simulate and implement a real parking lot environment that allocate vacant parking slots using Allocation algorithm. As computer science students, the used and application of algorithm is the most important foundation of the field of Computer Science. Through this algorithm, this will tell the computer to do the task in the most efficient manner.Hence, by applying Allocation algorithm in the group’s study, an effective and efficient solution in the problems of allocating parking slots will be easily located by the system because of the application of al gorithm. In addition, an algorithm is a solution of a problem by a finite sequence of instructions each of which can be performed by a machine. Every computer program is essentially a set of instructions placed in a systematic fashion, that when executed, produce a desired result. The advantages covered in this system will be user interaction, ease f use, and effectiveness in demonstrating Allocation algorithm to those who don’t know much about it. Furthermore, the group hope that through this project, they can improve technological improvement to the car parking establishment in making an efficient and systematic car parking. Statement of the Problem The researchers envision solving the problems by answering the following questions: 1. How does the application of Allocation algorithm will be implemented in the Car Parking Slot Allocation System? 2. How will Allocation algorithm allocate or search vacant slots? 3. Will Allocation algorithm allocate occupied slots? 4.How does the system know which parking slot to allocate? 5. How to simulate the parking areas consisting of 80 slots that applies Allocation algorithm? Objectives of the Study The primary objectives of this study are the following: 1. 2. To implement the application of Allocation algorithm in allocating and searching for vacant or available parking slot. 3. To create and design a sample parking lot that demonstrate the simulation and use of Allocation algorithm. 4. To test and prove that the used of Allocation algorithm in the simulation of the parking areas will be functional, applicable and appropriate. Significance of the StudyThis study will be implemented and expected to give good effects and will be beneficial to the following: For the Operators, this study is significant to the Operators because this will provide a valuable guide to the advantages and disadvantages of the car parking operations. For the Car Drivers, this project easily assists the car drivers in finding parking slot q uickly with no trouble. The system helps to cut down the amount of searching time that drivers spend on looking for an available parking slot. Therefore, through this project, it will save their time by providing instant space availability information and frustration levels.For the Students, they would be able to use this data for them to get the ideas and references if they are planning to conduct the same study. This study could inspire interested students to make their own project or improve and innovate on our project. This helps them enhance their skills and potential in their field of specialization. For the Future Researchers, this project will benefit other group of researchers who wish to undertake similar studies as they can get more background information from the result of the study, which can serve as a basis to modify or improve their own research.For the Proponents, conduting this study is significant to the proponents because it can add knowledge in their field as a computer science student. It also enables them to research more about programming languages and various algorithms which is very essential in their course. Through this study, this also adds significant knowledge and experience to the proponents’ capabilities of making a simulation system. Scope and Delimitation There is no hardware required in the system, the group limit its study on the algorithm used together with the simulation of the parking lot.The group used Allocation algorithm in conducting the study to emphasize the use and its function in the implementation of the system. The group created a simulation of the parking lot so as to indicate the result of the algorithm. In the simulation, a car will run to locate the slot that has been selected. Once the car reaches the correct slot, it will stop and the animation ends there. The purpose of the simulation is to guide the driver to the slot where it is located. The group colored the vacant slots with color white, while the slots that are already occupied are colored with color red.Also in this study, the group included other features which is beneficial in the system such as generation of reports – specifically list of cars report and income report, and the parking payment system. The parking payment system will calculate the total payment of the driver during its parking period. Other than that, this study will not describe problems regarding human decision making or behavior issues. Like, if the driver will park on the wrong slot of fail to follow the operator had recommended, the system will identify the slot that the driver has chosen to be occupied and that the rong slot which the driver had wrongly parked will be noticed as available in the system. Problems like this will arouse conflicts in the parking lot. The solution of this matter will depend on the behavior of the driver. Another consideration in this study is that, if the parking area provides 5 slots, 5 cars can be parked in the area. When the driver forgets to remember where he parked his car in an area, the operator will ask for the plate number of the car and then the system will identify where slot the car was parked. The driver is also able chose whether to follow recommendations provided by the operator of the system or not.The driver is still able to choose any slot he/she likes. This study is also not about creating new parking slots. Once a parking lot is fully loaded, the parking problem remains. There are other solutions to solve that problem, but they are outside the scope of this study. Definitions of Terms Algorithm. It is the central concept of Computer Science. Formally, an algorithm is defined as a well-ordered collection of unambiguous and effectively computable operations that, when executed, produces a result in a finite amount of time. Algorithms are intended to solve computational problems.Allocation Algorithm. It is an algorithm that will only allocate slots which are vacant or av ailable. Allocated Slot. A slot is called allocated when there is no car parked at the slot, but the system is guiding a car to that specific slot. Cars. This refers to those designed to run primarily on roads, typically have four wheels and is construct principally for the  transportation  of people. Entrance. It is a location in the parking lot where cars can enter in the parking lot. Exit. It is a location in the parking lot where cars can exit or leave in the parking lot.Full. A parking lot is called full or filled, if all the slots are occupied. This means that no slot is vacant. Gray-box Testing. The gray-box testing is a combination of black-box and white-box testing. The intention of this testing is to find out the defects related to bad design or bad implementation of the system. Microsoft Access. It is the database application from the Microsoft Office Suite of applications. Usually abbreviated as MS Access. It is an easy-to-use program for creating and maintaining dat abases. Microsoft Visual Basic 6. It is the third generation ve-driven programming language and integrated environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model. Visual Basic is also considered a relatively easy to learn and use programming language, because of its graphical development features and BASIC heritage. Occupied slot. A slot is called occupied if and only if a car is parked on the slot. Parking. It is the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief time. Parking Lot. It is a building or area that contains slots where cars can be parked. A parking lot has at least one entrance and exit. Simulation.It is the imitation of some real thing available, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviors of a selected physical or abstract system. Slot. A certain amount of space in a car park, often surrounded by white stripes, that can hold exactly one car. Sy stem. It is a collection of elements or components that are organized for a common purpose. Vacant Slot. A slot is called vacant when there is no car parked on the slot, and the system is not guiding any car to this slot at the moment. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESApparently, this problem is not very new. Siemens already wrote about it in the early 90's and they were already thinking about solutions back than. Concrete results where not found at that time though. Toyota (a car manufacturer from Japan) started developing Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) systems in 1995. It looks like there isn't much guidance though. The users seem to guide themselves, after receiving information about parking intensity around the city. Initiatives like this also arose in other countries but they only indicate an approximation of the number of vacant slot per car park.Related Literature iSpot One of the initiatives out there is iSpot, also referred to as iPark. The creators , four students from Boston University, call it a vision based awareness system. The project identified the exact same problem and tried to find a solution for it. Though the system uses digital cameras to detect whether slots are vacant or not, it does offer single space monitoring as well as parking slot reservation. Parking slot reservation can be compared with the user preference for certain slots.The information about which slot is vacant and which one isn’t is communicated to the user at the entrance using an image of the car park, so the user can choose one of the vacant slots and drive there. Though their system has quite some overlap with the group’s system, there are some problems which are not addressed. First of all, the system uses digital cameras in combination with license plate extraction to detect whether certain slots are occupied, and to keep track of the cars. Though this might sound promising on paper, an initiative like this could get quite some r esistance from organizations which are fighting for privacy.Another problem which is not addressed is the chaos of the crowd. Everybody sees which slots are vacant, but the system does not assign specific cars to specific slots. This could lead to a situation where car A sees a vacant slot on the screen at the entrance, and decides to go there. Car B sees the same vacant slot, because car A did not yet reach that slot, and also decides to choose that one. When car B arrives at the slot, he sees that car A already parked there. Car B is now lost in the big car park and the only way to find himself a vacant slot it to search for it himself in the old fashioned way.This could not only happen for two cars, but as long as the first car did not reach the slot. All but the first of those cars will end up unsatisfied. If this keeps happening, the original problem isn't really solved at all. Cars drive to slots which turn out to be occupied when they arrive. IrisNET Another interesting proje ct is called IrisNET from Intel. The project doesn't have much to do with the group’s problem but defines a platform that connects cheap sensor-nodes, to the monitor. To speed up the acceptance of this platform, Intel created a couple of demo implementations.One of those demo implementations is called the Parking spot Finder. Webcam information from a large network of webcams, can be used for a higher goal, if combined. Feeds from webcams all over a car park, or as Intel states it, all over the city, can be combined to gather information about vacancy of parking slots. What does the demonstration look like? Cheap webcams are pointed to parking slots, or small groups of parking slots. Computers near these webcams can process the information, and determine whether certain parking slots are vacant or not.This information can be fed to the network. Central computers gather all this information via IrisNET and combine it to make a list or vacant parking slots. This list can then b e offered to other services, like Yahoo maps, for example. People could see the vacant slots on their car navigation system using existing technology. It's just a matter of connecting the services via IrisNET. It seems like a complete system, even for a demo implementation. It is not clear whether the problem of guiding multiple cars to the same spot or how to keep a reservation, was solved.Knowing the fact that this is just a demonstration of IrisNET, could mean that the system does not provide these extras. We can conclude that this Parking spot Finder is a great source of inspiration, but not a solution for the parking problem as stated in the previous chapter. EzPARK EzPARK is the name of a company as well as the product they are developing. The mission statement of EzPARK is the following: â€Å"EzPARK is a low-cost, wireless parking lot infrastructure that enables the customers to see the empty spaces at the entrance, and leads them to their vehicles on their way back†. This system seems to satisfy quite some of our requirements. EzPARK does what iSpot does, and on top of that, also leads customers back to their vehicles. Apart from that, the system also gives a hint to the driver, where to park the car, which is a form of guiding him. So if all the cars park where they are told to park, the system would work like the one we want. Unfortunately, that is a significant assumption. Apart from this, it is unclear how the system decides which slot to hint. How does EzPARK solve the problem? When the user enters the car park, he receives 2 RFID tokens and a hint where to park.One of the RFID tokens would be left in the car, to identify the car, and the other one would identity the user itself. The system can associate the two when the user returns for its car. The RFID tag in his car is also used to register whether a parking spot is occupied or not. Combining the availability information of all spots can result in a hint for a new visitor. The entire ca r park will have to be filled with RFID readers, which communicate to each other wireless so all the information of the slot states can be centralized. These wireless units, so called MOTEs, are prefabbed sensor nodes.Apart from the fact that there is no actual guidance during the driving through the car park, this seems to be a very good product to solve the original problem. But the problem remains, what if driver D decides to park on the same spot as driver E, driving in front of him. Driver E would have to go all the way back to the entrance to find a new parking slot, or he could solve it the old fashioned way. And why would the system prefer one spot over another when giving a hint? Related Studies The Urban Parking Finder is another project, done by a small group of students. They tried to find the closest parking spot in an urban setting.Though their report doesn't describe how to measure whether a spot is vacant or not, their simulation works like you would expect. They mad e a bunch of virtual streets with cars parked all over the place, and some vacant slots. A car could drive around within the streets and whenever the user is interested in a parking slot, he can press a button and the system calculates the closest parking slot, as well as the shortest path to that slot, and gives directions to the user to guide him. This solution only solves a small part of our problem but interestingly enough, a part that was not mentioned in the other initiatives.The students don't describe how exactly they calculate the closest parking slot, but it probably looks very much like the â€Å"close to the exit† allocation algorithm. The Parking Space Optimization Service from the University of Zurich describe an e- Parking model where not only the driver and parking lots communicate with the system, but also events and businesses in the neighborhood, payment services etc. The system also takes care of reservations. Cars can identify themselves using Bluetooth w hen they enter or leave the car park. The payment is made automatically when the car leaves the car park.Please note that this system might seem brilliant on paper, the future seems to be far from a living implementation of such a system. Every user should have a properly configured Bluetooth device in his car. Another identification method could be used to solve this though. Apart from the identification issue, the paper does not mention any active guidance. The Parking Meter Supervision System describes an urban non-free parking system. This might not be the kind of system we are looking for, but this is a system that was actually tested in a Japanese city and the results are very promising.The system displays vacant parking spot information around the city so drivers can spend less time searching for a free slot. Without the system 14. 1 cars parked on a slot each day on average. After introducing the system, this increased to 15. 9 cars on a slot on average. These figures show t he need for a parking guidance systems, though the problem might be slightly bigger in urban areas. The Evaluation of Parking Search using Sensor tries to solve the problem a little differently. Sensors are placed within the vehicles. These vehicles gather information while they drive.Vacant slots can be located this way. The information including a location is wirelessly transmitted to other cars within a certain range. These cars retransmit the information to the cars they â€Å"meet†, and so on. If one driver is looking for a vacant slot, he/she will be informed of the existence of that slot by a passing car. All the information expires, so it doesn't leave the surrounding area of the parking slot. Thought this initiative might not directly solve our problem, the approach of the problem is original and worth mentioning. The system was simulated but never built.The IcanPARK is a remote management system for all types of car parks. Each slot is equipped with a little sonar s ystem which determines whether a car is parked on that slot. Signs inform the driver where to find the nearest vacant slot. The entire system can be monitored by an operator, who can check the car park status, make reservations or close certain areas for maintenance. The allocation problem is not addressed in this project. Last but not least, the group found out about Sipark. Sipark is the world's largest Parking Guidance System is in the making at Munich Airport, developed by Siemens.This system monitors each individual parking slot using ultrasound sensors and guides cars to vacant slot using this information. The guiding is done by hundreds of LED displays all over the car park. The solution also includes zone and aisle counting. This means that any vehicles still en route to a parking space are also acquired by the system which avoids guiding too many drivers into a sector that only contained a few unoccupied spaces when the car entered the car park. Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Method UsedThe researchers’ primary methods in gathering information are through internet research, consultations, and observation and surveys. With these methods, the group is able to gather data on the behavior, practices, opinions, interests and perceptions of the drivers and parking establishment owners and even the parking operator on the existing and the proposed system, and then such data is analyzed, organized and interpreted. The analysis and design which is very crucial in the whole development of the project will be drawn based on the actual data gathered and also with the inputs coming from the group’s IT Consultant.Sources of Data The sources of data that the group used are the methods and techniques applied in gathering informatiion that will formalize the necessities in order to simplify details concerning the application of algorithm and simulation. However, the methods and techniques are not enough for the group, so they had also conducted a research on rela ted literatures and existing studies with regards to the system. For that, related literatues and related studies contributed a lot because this leads them to give answers to some questions they had not understood.On the other hand, the group did have constant discussions with their IT Consulatant and Adviser, in which they suggested their ideas to help the group understand the flow of the system. With this, all gathered facts and information were significantly used for the generation of the system. Procedure of the Study In conducting the study, the group had a discussion on the matter with regards to the development of the car parking simulation system. The group initially identifies the objectives and aims of the study.Then, the group looked for related literature to see whether there are any initiatives like this. Looking for related literatures and studies is the most important step because in doing any project, it gives information and details about a certain study. Next, the group discussed the information gathered from the methods used and from the brief discussion with IT experts, the group are able to recognized and understand the nature of the system to be built. From this, the group are able to identify the software and hardware requirements that will be used for this project.After getting all of the information, the next step is the coding and designing of the simulation of the system which denotes the programming and database interaction. Afterwards, the last step is the integration of both algorithm of the system and then test whether the system achieve the goal or not and make an analysis of the project result. Requirements and Specifications For the research component of this project, access to the library’s resources and the Internet will be critical. More importantly, this project involves a significant coding component.All coding for this project will be done in Visual Basic 6, and, where necessary, the group used the Adobe Shockwave Flash 8 as a tool to display the car parking simulation interaction. Access to a decent computer with Microsoft Visual Runtime Library and glut libraries installed will be essential. Microsoft Acces is used as the database of the system. No special hardware will be required. However, a faster computer (Pentium 500 or better) will help speed up the testing phases of the project, and a good graphics card 9GeForce or better) will ensure a smooth animation to see car parking simulator in operation.Approaches and Algorithm The goal of the project is to implement a parking lot simulation system that simulates car parking operations which guide drivers to a vacant parking slot. The focus will be on applying Allocation algorithm on the system which will determine and allocate the vacant slots. Allocation algorithm is noted for its performance and accuracy, it enjoys widespread used and it is widely used in pathfinding and graph traversal, the process of plotting an effeciently traversable path between points, called nodes. Peter Hart, Nils Nillson and Bertram Raphael first described the algorithm in 1968.Meaning, by applying this algorithm to the system, it will only allocate those slots which are vacant or available. Those slots which are already occupied will be unnoticed and will be ignored by the system. Though this algorithm will not be very sophisticated and not very complex, it just allocates vacant slots. The group finds that the application of Allocation algorithm is very interesting in the simulation of the system. In the  development process, the group had used the  top-down approach which play a key role in this project.The top-down approach emphasize planning and a complete understanding of the system. Top-down approach is the process of breaking the overall procedure or task into component parts and then subdivide each component module until the lowest level of detail has been reached. It is called top-down approach since it starts â€Å"at the top † with a general problem and design specific solutions to its sub problems. Using this method, a complex problem is separated into simpler parts, which can be programmed easily. Software Design and ProgrammingIn the software design and programming, the design is performed in a visualize and detailed manner, code generation of the system was accomplished without much complication. For this reason, the group used a high level programming language like the Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 for the coding and design of the system. With respect to the type of application, the right programming language is chosen essentially by the group for its graphical environment and ease of use. Implementation Besides the practical implementations of the system, the problem can also be used for theoretical purposes.In both the practical and theoretical implementations the time it takes to solve the problem has been essential. In certain instances, it has been proven that in order to solve the problem (to an optimum) an excessive amount of time is required. For such instances we have come to rely on algorithms that sacrifice the quality of the solution in favour of reducing the solving time. Testing Procedure In the testing procedure, the group tested the performance of the system according to the program made. The group used the gray-box testing. The gray-box testing is combination of black-box and white-box testing.The intention of this testing is to find out the defects related to bad design or bad implementation of the system. This means, every after coding and design of the system, application of gray-box testing takes place. The group designed test cases based upon their knowledge of the system. For example, the group consider a hypothetical case wherein they have to test the Allocation algorithm if it works as it was designed in the simulation of the parking lot. And after that by means of testing, it integrates as each feature is added in the system.Since the project is a computer program, testing included debugging the code and running through the program to make sure that it did what it was intended. The group used the gray-box testing because it is non-intrusive, it is not biased, and it applies straight forward technique of testing. The group makes sure that the system will work properly and accurately, and that through the use of gray-box testing, it will minimize and eliminate any errors that will interrupt in the system. TimeLine ID| Task| Start| Finish| Duration| 1| Project Proposal| 6/20/2011| 6/24/2011| 4 days| | Project Title Approval| 6/27/2011| 6/29/2011| 2 days| 3| Planning ; Analysis| 7/1/2011| 7/9/2011| 8 days| 4| Initial Data Gathering| 7/11/2011| 7/29/2011| 18 days| 5| Data Modeling| 8/2/2011| 8/13/2011| 11 days| 6| Problem Modeling| 8/15/2011| 8/22/2011| 7 days| 7| Project Objectives| 8/17/2011| 8/27/2011| 10 days| 8| Document Analysis| 9/5/2011| 9/30/2011| 25 days| 9| Algorithm| 10/3/2011| 10/15/2011| 12 days| 10| Final Project Documentation| 10/13/2011| 10/20/2011| 7 days| 11| Project Defense| 10/22/2011| 10/22/2011| 1 day| 2| System Modeling ; Requirements| 11/7/2011| 11/19/2011| 12 days| 13| System Coding| 11/28/2011| 2/13/2012| 77 days| 14| Database Implementation| 12/5/2011| 1/30/2012| 53 days| 15| Animation| 12/12/2011| 2/4/2012| 54 days| 16| System Analysis ; Design| 1/16/2012| 2/13/2012| 28 days| 17| System Testing ; Finalization| 2/17/2012| 2/25/2012| 13 days| 18| Final Documentation| 2/13/2012| 2/25/2012| 12 days| 19| Project PPT Presentation| 2/23/2012| 2/26/2012| 3 days| 20| Final Defense| 2/28/2012| 2/28/2012| 1 day| Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Results and DiscussionsAfter the group studied and identified the objectives, problems and solutions, the function of the system, the programming language used and the current program it has, the implementation of Allocation algorithm takes place. At first, the group conducted several studies and researches on what approaches and algorithm were ap propriate and compatible to the system to minimize the time of searching and allocating vacant slots. The group gathered all the necessary facts and came up to the use of one programming approach that has proven to be most productive, it is called the top-down approach.The top-down approach is the process of breaking the overall procedure or task into component parts and then subdivide each component module until the lowest level of detail has been reached. It is called top-down approach since it starts â€Å"at the top† with a general problem and design specific solutions to its sub problems. Using this method, a complex problem is separated into simpler parts, which can be programmed easily. Then, after gathering information and applying the to-down approach, the group started to program and apply the algorithm that was planned to be used.The program codes was initialized to integrate the simulation and the other features of the system that where also incorporated with the group’s objectives. In the simulation of the system, the group started by determining the number of slots and came up with 80 slots. The group divide this 80 slots into two, making it 40 slots per area. There are two areas, parking area A and Parking area B. Parking area A and Parking Area B both occupies the Allocation algorithm. Filled or occupied parking slot are colored with red, while the vacant or available parking slot are colored with white.In the Parking Areas, both applies the Allocation algorithm where it only search and allocate the vacant slots. The slots which are not vacant will not be recognize because they are already occupied. For example, if parking slot 1A is already occupied, the slot will turned into red for indication that it is not anymore available. The system is responsible for choosing the parking slot available and will automatically print out the slot card number. If the driver is waiting in the parking lot, waiting for his turn to get inside, the operator will give the driver a printed slot card number so as to identify which area is the slot located.The good thing here is that, it will lessen the time of waiting and avoid time delay. The designing and development of the simulation was also very crucial for this will be the basis of implementing the Allocation algorithm. In the simulation, the car will locate the slot that has been selected, this serves as a guidance to the driver in locating the selected slot. Apart from this, other features of the system where also implemented such features are the payment system and generation of reports. These features are also very important for this will be very beneficial to the operator and the owner of the parking lot establishment.The calculation of payment is through the rate per minute. This will calculate the time of entry in the parking lot, the duration of parking in the parking area until the car leaves the area. With this, the generation of income report is conducted since it is incorporated with the payment. Another generation of report is the list of cars, this are the records of all the cars that had park in the parking lot. The operator could view and print these reports daily, weekly, monthly, annualy or any days the operator wants.After implementing the simulation, the payment system and the generation of reports, the next thing the group implemented is the database of the system. The database is one of the most critical and sensitive part. The construction of the tables and the amount of data will either make or break the entire application. The database of the system is not quite large but the group make sure that the database will not be very complicated and complex. Upon database completion, technical and trial and error analysis were carried out by the group to remove glitches in the animation and also in the programming.Thus, through further study, implementation, analysis, and a series of testing of the entire system the group was able to achieve its goals and objectives. Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary There are various concepts in computer science which can be compared when searching, allocating and choosing the right parking slot. This concept is through the algorithm used. The algorithm used in this study is the Allocation algorithm. This algorithm allocates the parking slot that are vacant or available. Parking slots that are occupied will be ignored and will not be allocated by the system.The Allocation algorithm was initially analyzed, before implementing to the simulation system. A cost function is created to measure which of these algorithms would give better results under which circumstances. This cost function measured and calculate the efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm used, and so the different algorithm was compared under different situation. Differences are small but there is quite something to win over the old situation where no guidance were given. The implementatio n of the Allocation algorithm along with the simulation of the parking lot can mimic most legal car movements.The simulation was created and tested and this seems to imitates the drivers preferences of choosing the parking slot and locate the slot directly. To summarize, the group implemented and tested the system succesfully, and met its desired goals and objectives of the project. Conclusions After a series of crucial programming and designing of the system, trial and error, and evaluating different allocation strategies, there are several conclusions to draw. The system met its desired expectations on the project.The system can now search and allocate which slots are available and occupied using the Allocation algorithm. The other features of the system such as the payment system and generation of reports was also implemented and can now be easy to managed because the system administrates the reality of the actual car parking lot. The slot that is chosen by the driver will get oc cupied as soon as he enters the parking lot. However, the group did not find a method to prevent neglecting of recommendations or choices of the driver, or in cases when the driver forgets which slot was recommended to him.In situations like this, whenever a driver might decide to neglect a recommendation or either his preferred choice of slot, this has a big influence on the system, but this is a matter of the driver’s behavior. Because there was no actual parking lot to run tests on, the group implemented a parking lot simulation. The animation is relatively simple but it depict every step in developing Allocation algorithm. Nonetheless, before the animation takes place, some conditions must be met. The animation was done by using the Adobe Shockwave Flash 8, showing a graphical representation of the parking lot that communicates with the system.The simulation can model the most basic movements in a parking lot and the recommendation system can â€Å"real-time† adapt to new situations. The simulation is a tool to demonstrate the work of the different algorithms used by the group. Recommendations The system has many capabilities that the group did not include due to lack of time and budget of materials. Some of this is the printing of receipt of the payment system. The group would like to have the printer receipt but was too expensive. Along with that, the future researchers could also enhance the simulation of the system, like creating more slots and making more entrances and exits.Also for future recommendations, there are many rooms for improvement to ensure the reliability and impeccability of the system. A potential approach of enhancing the system is to implement the security system such as image processing technique so that security and safety in the parking lot is rest assured. This could be very helpful since safety is very important nowadays. And thus, the group would like to recommend the application of image compression algorithm for this will be very effective in a way of capturing images from time to time. Aside from that, another recommendation for future researchers is the reservation system.The reservation system does not take drivers preferences into account yet, but people or the drivers specifically could be able to make a reservation over the internet and this reservation could be linked to the licensed plate number of their car. So, these are just some of the recommendations that the group would like to commend on future reasearchers who are interested in making the study in a different manner. Chapter 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY Internet Sources: [1]Caldrera International Inc. (February 11, 2003) Allocation Algorithm. Retrieved, January 18, 2012. From www. osr507doc. sco. com/en/tools/ld_alloc. html web address. 2]G. P. Kegel (March 2009) The Parking Spot Finder. Retrieved, October 10, 2011. From www. alexandria. tue. nl/extra1/afstversl/wsk-i/kegel2009 web address. [3]Lou Tylee (1998) Learn Microsoft Visual Basi c 6. 0. Retrieved, November 17, 2011. From www. thainguyen. edu. vn/Thanhvien/c2bachquangsc web address. [4]Ningyuan Chen (September 2011) Simple Parking Lot Management System. Retrieved, August 3, 2011. From www. publications. theseus. final/handle/134024 web address. [5]Ramdeo Anand (May 5, 2010) Gray-box Testing. Retrieved, February 15, 2012. From http://www. testinggeek. com/gray-box-testing web address. 6]Rochester Institute of Technology (December 6, 2001) Best-Fit Allocation Algorithm. Retrieved, January 5, 2012. From www. cs. rit. edu/~ark/lectures/gc/03_03_03. html web address. [7]Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia (March 2011) Allocation Algorithm. Retrieved, September 29, 2011. From http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Allocation_algorithm web address. [8]Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia (June 2011) Top-down Approach. Retrieved, January 10, 2012. From http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Top_down_approach web address. Chapter 7 APPENDICES Screen Shots Fig. 1: Main Form (Parking Area A) Fig. 2: Main Form (Parking Area B) Fig. : Login Form Fig. 4: Slot Card Form Fig. 5: Out Car Form Fig. 6: Payment Rate Form Fig. 7: Account Setting Form Fig. 8: Database Form Fig. 9: Logout Form REPORTS: Fig. 10: Car List Report Form Fig. 11: Income Report Form Source Code ModPark________________________________________________________________ Global CON As ADODB. Connection Public RSpark As ADODB. Recordset Sub main() Set CON = New ADODB. Connection CON. Open â€Å"Provider=Microsoft. JET. OLEDB. 4. 0;data source = † ; App. Path ; â€Å"db. mdb;† ; â€Å"jet oledb:database password=ParkMe;† Load frmMain frmMain. Show vbModeless Load frmLogin frmLogin. Show vbModelessEnd Sub frmMain________________________________________________________________ Dim x, y, z, s, ok As Integer Dim hold, m As String Private Sub cmdPlay_Click() On Error GoTo PlayERR If hold = â€Å"† Then Exit Sub If cmdPlay. Caption = â€Å"PLAY Animated Parking† Then cmdSearch. Enabled = False cmdPark. Enabled = False If Right(hold, 1) = â€Å"A† Then swf1. LoadMovie 0, App. Path ; â€Å"SWF† ; hold ; â€Å". swf† ElseIf Right(hold, 1) = â€Å"B† Then swf2. LoadMovie 0, App. Path ; â€Å"SWF† ; hold ; â€Å". swf† End If For s = 1 To 40 lblcar2(s). Enabled = False lblCar1(s). Enabled = False Next cmdPlay. Caption = â€Å"STOP Animated Parking†ElseIf cmdPlay. Caption = â€Å"STOP Animated Parking† Then cmdSearch. Enabled = True cmdPark. Enabled = True If Right(hold, 1) = â€Å"A† Then swf1. LoadMovie 0, App. Path ; â€Å"SWF† ; † . swf† ElseIf Right(hold, 1) = â€Å"B† Then swf2. LoadMovie 0, App. Path ; â€Å"SWF† ; † . swf† End If For s = 1 To 40 lblcar2(s). Enabled = True lblCar1(s). Enabled = True Next cmdPlay. Caption = â€Å"PLAY Animated Parking† End If PlayERR: End Sub Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer) If MsgBox(â₠¬Å"Are you sure you want to exit? â€Å", vbYesNo, â€Å"System Exit†) = vbYes Then Me. Enabled = False Load frmLogOut frmLogOut. Show vbModeless End If Cancel = 1End Sub Private Sub lblCar1_Click(Index As Integer) For x = 1 To 40 If lblcar2(x). BackColor = vbYellow Then MsgBox â€Å"There is a selected slot in Parking Area B. Please deselect it first by double-clicking the yellow slot before continuing. â€Å", _ vbOKOnly, â€Å"Parking Area B Error† Exit Sub End If Next If lblCar1(Index). BackColor vbRed Then lblCar1(Index). BackColor = vbYellow hold = Index & â€Å"A† ElseIf lblCar1(Index). BackColor = vbRed Then hold = â€Å"† End If x = Index nump = x For Index = 1 To 40 If Index x Then If lblCar1(Index). BackColor vbRed Then lblCar1(Index). BackColor = vbWhite End If End IfNext End Sub Private Sub lblcar2_Click(Index As Integer) For x = 1 To 40 If lblCar1(x). BackColor = vbYellow Then MsgBox â€Å"There is a selected slot in Parking Area A. P lease deselect it first by double-clicking the yellow slot before continuing. â€Å", _ vbOKOnly, â€Å"Parking Area A Error† Exit Sub End If Next If lblcar2(Index). BackColor vbRed Then lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbYellow hold = Index & â€Å"B† ElseIf lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbRed Then hold = â€Å"† End If x = Index nump = x For Index = 1 To 40 If Index x Then If lblcar2(Index). BackColor vbRed Then lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbWhite End IfEnd If Next End Sub Private Sub lblcar2_DblClick(Index As Integer) If lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbRed Then Load frmOut frmOut. lblout. Caption = lblcar2(Index). Caption frmOut. Show vbModeless Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark where SlotNo='† & lblcar2(Index). Caption & â€Å"‘†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark frmOut. txtPlate1. Text = Left(! PlateNo, 3) frmOut. txtPlate2. Text = Right(! PlateNo, 3) frmOut. lblTI = ! TimeIn End With Me . Enabled = False Exit Sub End If lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbWhite hold = â€Å"† End Sub Private Sub lblCar1_DblClick(Index As Integer)If lblCar1(Index). BackColor = vbRed Then Load frmOut frmOut. lblout. Caption = lblCar1(Index). Caption frmOut. Show vbModeless Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark where SlotNo='† & lblCar1(Index). Caption & â€Å"‘†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark frmOut. txtPlate1. Text = Left(! PlateNo, 3) frmOut. txtPlate2. Text = Right(! PlateNo, 3) frmOut. lblTI = ! TimeIn End With Me. Enabled = False Exit Sub End If lblcar2(Index). BackColor = vbWhite End Sub Private Sub mnuChange_Click() If user = â€Å"Operator† Then MsgBox â€Å"Permission denied! Please contact the Administrator. , vbInformation, â€Å"Administrator Only† Exit Sub End If Me. Enabled = False Load frmAccount frmAccount. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub mnuDB_Click() If user = â€Å"Opera tor† Then MsgBox â€Å"Permission denied! Please contact the Administrator. â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Administrator Only† Exit Sub End If Me. Enabled = False Load frmDB frmDB. Show vbModeless frmDB. Height = 980 frmDB. Width = 7300 End Sub Private Sub mnuLogout_Click() Load frmLogin frmLogin. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub mnuExit_Click() Unload Me End Sub Private Sub mnuIncome_Click() Me. Enabled = False Load frmReport frmReport. Show vbModeless frmReport.Caption = â€Å"Income Report† End Sub Private Sub mnuList_Click() Me. Enabled = False Load frmReport frmReport. Show vbModeless frmReport. Caption = â€Å"Car List Report† End Sub Private Sub mnuLost_Click() Me. Enabled = False Load frmOut frmOut. Show vbmdeless frmOut. txtPlate1. Enabled = True frmOut. txtPlate2. Enabled = True frmOut. cmdSLost. Enabled = True End Sub Private Sub mnuRate_Click() If user = â€Å"Operator† Then MsgBox â€Å"Permission denied! Please contact the Administ rator. â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Administrator Only† Exit Sub End If Me. Enabled = False Load frmRate frmRate. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub Timer1_Timer() blday. Caption = Format(Now, â€Å"dd mmmm yyyy†) lbltime. Caption = Format(Now, â€Å"hh:mm:ss AMPM†) End Sub Private Sub txtPlate1_Change() If Len(txtPlate1. Text) = 3 Then txtPlate2. SetFocus End If End Sub Private Sub txtPlate1_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii ; vbKeyA Or KeyAscii ; vbKeyZ Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub Private Sub txtPlate2_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii ; vbKey0 Or KeyAscii ; vbKey9 Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub Private Sub cmdPark_Click() If Len(txtPlate1. Text) ; 3 Or Len(txtPlate2.Text) ; 3 Then Exit Sub Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark where PlateNo='† ; txtPlate1. Text ; â€Å"-† ; txtPlate2. Text ; â€Å"‘â₠¬ , CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockPessimistic With RSpark If ! TimeOut = â€Å"-† Then MsgBox â€Å"The inputed plate number already exist. â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Ops! † Exit Sub End If End With ok = 0 For z = 1 To 40 If lblcar2(z). BackColor = vbYellow Or lblCar1(z). BackColor = vbYellow Then z = 40 ok = 1 End If Next If ok = 1 Then Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockPessimistic With RSpark .AddNew Date = Format(Now, â€Å"dd mm yyyy†) !PlateNo = txtPlate1. Text ; â€Å"-† ; txtPlate2. Text ! TimeIn = Format(Now, â€Å"hh:mm ampm†) !TimeOut = â€Å"-† !SlotNo = hold !Amount = â€Å"0† .Update hold = â€Å"† End With Call DataPut Call Check txtPlate2. Text = â€Å"† txtPlate1. Text = â€Å"† lblS. Caption = â€Å"—† cmdSearch. Caption = â€Å"Search† txtPlate1. SetFocus End If End Sub Sub DataPut() lv1. ListItems. Cl ear lv2. ListItems. Clear Dim d, y, holdDate As Variant Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark where TimeOut='† ; â€Å"-† ; â€Å"‘†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark Do While Not .EOF d = Left(! Date, 2) m = Mid(! Date, 4, 2) Call month y = Right(! Date, 4) holdDate = d ; † † ; m ; † † ; y If Right(! SlotNo, 1) = â€Å"A† Then Set k = lv1. ListItems. Add(, , holdDate) k. SubItems(1) = ! PlateNo k. SubItems(2) = ! TimeIn k. SubItems(3) = ! SlotNo ElseIf Right(! SlotNo, 1) = â€Å"B† Then Set k = lv2. ListItems. Add(, , holdDate) k. SubItems(1) = ! PlateNo k. SubItems(2) = ! TimeIn k. SubItems(3) = ! SlotNo End If .MoveNext Loop End With End Sub Sub month() Select Case m Case â€Å"01† m = â€Å"Jan† Case â€Å"02† m = â€Å"Feb† Case â€Å"03† m = â€Å"Mar† Case â€Å"04† m = â€Å"Apr† Case â€Å"05† m = â€Å"May†Case â€Å"06† m = â€Å"Jun† Case â€Å"07† m = â€Å"Jul† Case â€Å"08† m = â€Å"Aug† Case â€Å"09† m = â€Å"Sep† Case â€Å"10† m = â€Å"Oct† Case â€Å"11† m = â€Å"Nov† Case â€Å"12† m = â€Å"Dec† End Select End Sub Sub Check() For x = 1 To 40 lblcar2(x). BackColor = vbWhite lblCar1(x). BackColor = vbWhite Next Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RSpark. RecordCount ; 0 Then Do While Not RSpark. EOF For x = 1 To 40 If lblcar2(x). Caption = RSpark! SlotNo Then lblcar2(x). BackColor = vbRed ElseIf lblCar1(x). Caption = RSpark! SlotNo Then lblCar1(x). BackColor = vbRed End If Next RSpark. MoveNext LoopEnd If End Sub frmLogin_______________________________________________________________ Private Sub cmdExit_Click() If MsgBox(â€Å"Are you sure you want to exit? â€Å", vbY esNo, â€Å"System Exit†) = vbYes Then Unload Me End Else Cancel = 1 End If End Sub Private Sub cmdGO_Click() Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblAccount†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If txtPass. Text = RSpark! Password And txtUser. Text = RSpark! UserName Then Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show vbModeless Else MsgBox â€Å"Incorrect Username or Password. Please try again! â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Login Error† txtPass. Text = â€Å"† xtUser. Text = â€Å"† txtUser. SetFocus End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ; â€Å"ParkMe. ico†) imgLogin. Picture = LoadPicture(App. Path ; â€Å"GraphicLogIn. jpg†) Dim mByte() As Byte Open App. Path ; â€Å"Park. dat† For Binary As #1 Open â€Å"C:WINDOWSdb. mdb† For Binary As #2 ReDim mByte(0 To LOF(1)) Get #1, , mByte() Put #2, , mByte() Close #1 Close #2 End Sub frmSlotPrint______________ _____________________________________________ Private Sub Form_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) lblEnter. Visible = False Dim f, w As Integer Me. PrintForm If KeyAscii = vbKeyReturn Or KeyAscii = 13 ThenIf MsgBox(â€Å"Is there an approaching car? â€Å", vbYesNo, â€Å"Parking Slot†) = vbYes Then If Right(lblSlot. Caption, 1) = â€Å"A† Then back1: nump = nump + 1 If nump = 41 Then nump = 1 End If If frmMain. lblCar1(nump). BackColor = vbRed Then w = 0 For f = 1 To 40 If frmMain. lblCar1(f). BackColor = vbRed Then w = w + 1 If w = 40 Then MsgBox â€Å"There are no more vacant parking slot! â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Parking Area A Error† Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show frmMain. txtPlate1. SetFocus Exit Sub End If End If Next GoTo back1 End If frmMain. lblCar1(nump). BackColor = vbYellow hold = nump & â€Å"A† ElseIf Right(lblSlot.Caption, 1) = â€Å"B† Then back2: nump = nump + 1 If nump = 41 Then nump = 1 End If If frmMain. lbl car2(nump). BackColor = vbRed Then w = 0 For f = 1 To 40 If frmMain. lblCar1(f). BackColor = vbRed Then w = w + 1 If w = 40 Then MsgBox â€Å"There are no more vacant parking slot! â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Parking Area B Error† Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show frmMain. txtPlate1. SetFocus Exit Sub End If End If Next GoTo back2 End If frmMain. lblcar2(nump). BackColor = vbYellow hold = nump & â€Å"B† End If End If End If Me. Enabled = False Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show frmMain. txtPlate1. SetFocus End Sub rmOut_________________________________________________________________ Dim dumm, hold, hold1, hold2 As Single Dim hr, min As Variant Private Sub cmdCancel_Click() frmMain. Enabled = True Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdChange_Click() On Error GoTo Err txtAmount. Text = Format(txtAmount, â€Å"####0. 00†) txtChange. Text = Format(txtAmount – dumm, â€Å"####0. 00†) If Left(txtChange. Text, 1) = â€Å"-† Then txtChange. Text = Right(txtChange. Text, 5) MsgBox â€Å"The amount paid is not enough! The amount lack P† & txtChange. Text, vbExclamation, â€Å"Payment Error† txtChange. Text = â€Å"† End If Err: End Sub Private Sub cmdCompute_Click()Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblRate†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If lblout. Caption = â€Å"—† Then Exit Sub lblTO. Caption = Format(Now, â€Å"hh:mm ampm†) hold1 = Left(lblTI. Caption, 2) * 60 hold1 = hold1 + Mid(lblTI. Caption, 4, 2) hold2 = Left(lblTO. Caption, 2) * 60 hold2 = hold2 + Mid(lblTO. Caption, 4, 2) If hold2 < hold1 Then hold2 = hold2 + 720 End If dumm = hold2 – hold1 If dumm > 60 Then hold = dumm / 60 hr = hold If Mid(hold, 2, 1) = â€Å". † Then hr = Left(hold, 1) ElseIf Mid(hold, 3, 1) = â€Å". † Then hr = Left(hold, 2) End If hold = hr * 60 min = dumm – hold lblTotal.Caption = hr ; â€Å"hr/s and â €  ; min ; â€Å"min/s† Else lblTotal. Caption = dumm ; † min/s† End If dumm = Format(dumm, â€Å"####0. 00†) * RSpark! Rate lblPay. Caption = Format(dumm, â€Å"####0. 00†) End Sub Private Sub cmdOut_Click() If lblTI. Caption = â€Å"† Then MsgBox â€Å"No plate number was found! Please check the correct plate number again. â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Plate Number Error† Exit Sub End If If txtChange. Text = â€Å"† Then MsgBox â€Å"Please pay the parking payment first. â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Payment Error† Exit Sub End If Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark where SlotNo='† ; lblout.Caption ; â€Å"‘†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark !TimeOut = lblTO. Caption !SlotNo = lblout. Caption ; â€Å". † !TimePark = lblTotal. Caption !Amount = lblPay. Caption .Update End With frmMain. lblS. Caption = â€Å"—† frmMain. cmd Search. Caption = â€Å"Search† frmMain. Enabled = True Call frmMain. DataPut Call frmMain. Check frmMain. Show Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdSLost_Click() Dim dum As String dum = txtPlate1. Text ; â€Å"-† ; txtPlate2. Text Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark where PlateNo='† ; dum ; â€Å"‘†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark lblout.Caption = ! SlotNo lblTI. Caption = ! TimeIn End With If lblout. Caption = â€Å"† Or Right(lblout. Caption, 1) = â€Å". † Then lblout. Caption = â€Å"—† lblTI. Caption = â€Å"† MsgBox â€Å"Please type the plate number and click the Search button to out the car. â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Out Car Error† End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ; â€Å"ParkMe. ico†) imgOut. Picture = LoadPicture(App. Path ; â€Å"GraphicLogIn. jpg†) End Sub Private Sub txtAmount_KeyPress( KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Or KeyAscii = 46 Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii ; vbKey0 Or KeyAscii ; vbKey9 Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End SubPrivate Sub txtPlate1_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii ; vbKeyA Or KeyAscii ; vbKeyZ Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub Private Sub txtPlate2_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer) If KeyAscii = vbKeyBack Then Exit Sub If KeyAscii ; vbKey0 Or KeyAscii ; vbKey9 Then KeyAscii = 0 End If End Sub frmRate________________________________________________________________ Private Sub cmdCancel_Click() frmMain. Enabled = True Unload Me End Sub Private Sub cmdSave_Click() Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblAccount†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If txtRate.Text = RSpark! Password Then Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblRate†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic RSpark! Rate = txtNew. Text RSpark. Update MsgBox â€Å"Your new rate is † ; txtNew. Text, â€Å". â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Rate Status† frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show Unload Me Exit Sub End If MsgBox â€Å"Incorrect Password! Please enter the correct password again. â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Password Error† txtRate. Text = â€Å"† txtRate. SetFocus End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ; â€Å"ParkMe. ico†) imgRate. Picture = LoadPicture(App. Path ; â€Å"GraphicLogIn. pg†) Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblRate†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic txtCurrent. Text = RSpark! Rate End Sub frmDB__________________________________________________________________ Dim x As Integer Private Sub cmdClear_Click() x = 0 lblDB. Caption = â€Å"† If MsgBox(â€Å"Warning! All data will be permanently deleted. Are you sure you want to continue? â€Å", vbYesNo, â€Å"Data Removal†) = vbYes Then Set RSpark = New A DODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RSpark. RecordCount ; 0 Then Do While Not RSpark. EOF RSpark. Delete adAffectCurrentRSpark. Update RSpark. MoveNext Loop x = 0 lblDB. Caption = â€Å"† Call loadDB Call frmMain. DataPut Call frmMain. Check End If Else Cancel = 1 End If End Sub Private Sub cmdConfirm_Click() Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblAccount†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If txtPass. Text = RSpark! Password And txtUser. Text = RSpark! UserName Then Me. Height = 9150 Me. Width = 7530 cmdConfirm. Visible = False txtUser. Enabled = False txtPass. Enabled = False Call loadDB Else MsgBox † Incorrect username or password. Please try again! â€Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Administrator† txtPass. Text = â€Å"† txtUser. Text = â€Å"† xtUser. SetFocus End If End Sub Sub loadDB() ListView1. ListItems. Clear Set RSpark = New ADODB. Rec ordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic With RSpark Do While Not . EOF Set k = ListView1. ListItems. Add(, , ! Date) k. SubItems(1) = ! PlateNo k. SubItems(2) = ! TimeIn k. SubItems(3) = ! TimeOut k. SubItems(4) = ! SlotNo .MoveNext Loop End With End Sub Private Sub cmdDelete_Click() If x = 0 Then Exit Sub Dim d As Integer d = 1 If MsgBox(â€Å"Warning! Are you sure you want to delete this data? â€Å", vbYesNo, â€Å"Data Removal†) = vbYes Then Set RSpark = New ADODB. RecordsetRSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RSpark. RecordCount ; 0 Then Do While Not RSpark. EOF If x = d Then RSpark. Delete adAffectCurrent RSpark. Update x = 0 lblDB. Caption = â€Å"† End If d = d + 1 RSpark. MoveNext Loop End If Call loadDB Call frmMain. DataPut Call frmMain. Check Else Cancel = 1 End If End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ; â€Å"ParkMe. icoâ⠂¬ ) x = 0 End Sub Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer) Unload Me frmMain. Enabled = True frmMain. Show vbModeless End Sub Private Sub ListView1_ItemClick(ByVal Item As MSComctlLib. ListItem) x = ListView1.SelectedItem. Index lblDB. Caption = â€Å"Database line † ; x End Sub frmReport______________________________________________________________ Dim RStemp As ADODB. Recordset Dim CRrep As CRAXDRT. Report Dim CRapp As CRAXDRT. Application Dim sel1, sel2, hold, mn, dy, yr As String Dim d, d1, d2, m, m1, m2, y, y1, y2, fin As Variant Dim pay As Single Private Sub cmdView_Click() On Error GoTo Err If lblMV1. Caption = â€Å"† Or lblMV2. Caption = â€Å"† Then MsgBox â€Å"Please select the appropriate date of report you want to display. â€Å", vbInformation, â€Å"Report Advisory† Exit Sub ElseIf m1 ; m2 And y1 = y2 Or y1 ; y2 Or m1 = m2 And y1 = y2And d1 ; d2 Then MsgBox â€Å"Invalid date range! Please select the appropriate range of date. †Å", vbExclamation, â€Å"Report Advisory† Exit Sub End If lblLoad. Caption = â€Å">> Loading†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. † Screen. MousePointer = vbHourglass Set RStemp = New ADODB. Recordset RStemp. Open â€Å"select * from tblTemp†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic If RStemp. RecordCount ; 0 Then Do While Not RStemp. EOF RStemp. Delete adAffectCurrent RStemp. Update RStemp. MoveNext Loop End If If Me. Caption = â€Å"Car List Report† Then Set CRrep = CRapp. OpenReport(App. Path ; â€Å"CarList. rpt†) ElseIf Me. Caption = â€Å"Income Report† Then Set CRrep = CRapp.OpenReport(App. Path ; â€Å"Income. rpt†) End If Set RSpark = New ADODB. Recordset Set RStemp = New ADODB. Recordset RSpark. Open â€Å"select * from tblPark†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic RStemp. Open â€Å"select * from tblTemp†, CON, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic pay = 0 pay = Format(pay, â€Å"#####0. 00†³) Do While Not RSpark. EOF d = Left(RSpark! Date, 2) m = Mid(RSpark! Date, 4, 2) y = Right(rsparkDate, 4) If y1 = y2 Then If m1 = m2 And d = d1 And d = d2 And m = m1 And m = m2 Or _ m1 = m2 And m = m1 And m = m2 And d1 ;; d2 And d ;= d1 And d ;= d2 Or _ m1 ;; m2 And m = m1 And d ;= d1 Or _ 1 ;; m2 And m ; m1 And m ; m2 Or _ m1 ;; m2 And m = m2 And d ;= d2 And y = y1 Then RStemp. AddNew dy = Left(RSpark! Date, 2) mn = Mid(RSpark! Date, 4, 2) Call month yr = Right(RSpark! Date, 4) hold = dy ; † † ; mn ; † † ; yr RStemp! Date = hold RStemp! PlateNo = RSpark! PlateNo RStemp! TimeIn = RSpark! TimeIn RStemp! TimeOut = RSpark! TimeOut RStemp! SlotNo = RSpark! SlotNo RStemp! TimePark = RSpark! TimePark RStemp! Amount = RSpark! Amount RStemp. Update pay = pay + RSpark! Amount End If ElseIf y1 ; y2 Then If m1 ;; m2 And m = m1 And d ;= d1 Or _ 1 ;; m2 And m ; m1 Or _ m1 ;; m2 And m1 ; m And m ; m2 Or _ m1 ;; m2 And m = m2 And d ;= d2 Or _ m1 = m2 And m = m1 And d ;= d1 Or _ m1 = m2 And m ; m1 Or _ m1 = m2 And m ; m2 Or _ m1 = m2 And m = m2 And d ;= d2 And y ; y1 Then RStemp. AddNew dy = Left(RSpark! Date, 2) mn = Mid(RSpark! Date, 4, 2) Call month yr = Right(RSpark! Date, 4) hold = dy ; † † ; mn ; † † ; yr RStemp! Date = hold RStemp! PlateNo = RSpark! PlateNo RStemp! TimeIn = RSpark! TimeIn RStemp! TimeOut = RSpark! TimeOut RStemp! SlotNo = RSpark! SlotNo RStemp! TimePark = RSpark! TimeParkRStemp! Amount = RSpark! Amount RStemp. Update pay = pay + RSpark! Amount End If End If RSpark. MoveNext Loop fin = Format(pay, â€Å"#####0. 00†) If Me. Caption = â€Å"Income Report† Then CRrep. Sections(4). ReportObjects(â€Å"crtxtTotal†). SetText fin End If If lblMV1. Caption = lblMV2. Caption Then fin = lblMV1. Caption Else fin = lblMV1. Caption ; † – † ; lblMV2. Caption End If CRrep. Sections(1). ReportObjects(â€Å"crtxtDate†). SetText fin CRrep. Database. Tables(1). SetDataSource RStemp Screen. MousePointer = vbHourglass CRVie wer91. ReportSource = CRrep CRViewer91. ViewReport Screen. MousePointer = vbDefault lblLoad.Caption = â€Å"† Err: End Sub Sub month() Select Case mn Case â€Å"01† mn = â€Å"Jan† Case â€Å"02† mn = â€Å"Feb† Case â€Å"03† mn = â€Å"Mar† Case â€Å"04† mn = â€Å"Apr† Case â€Å"05† mn = â€Å"May† Case â€Å"06† mn = â€Å"Jun† Case â€Å"07† mn = â€Å"Jul† Case â€Å"08† mn = â€Å"Aug† Case â€Å"09† mn = â€Å"Sep† Case â€Å"10† mn = â€Å"Oct† Case â€Å"11† mn = â€Å"Nov† Case â€Å"12† mn = â€Å"Dec† End Select End Sub Private Sub Form_Load() Me. Icon = LoadPicture(App. Path ; â€Å"ParkMe. i

Creation of New Markets by Diversity

From the beginning of this world we have seen or to put it more correctly heard of God creation of this world. This demonstrates the immense power of imagination possessed by God. His imagination is unequal to anything we can think of and he has managed and maintained everything up to this day. We are all given a small amount of this God given creative power. Some of us just happened to never see pass our limitations and allow our imagination power to grow freely. Persons that have good imagination or creative ideas are needed in today†s business world of fast changing demands and supply. Business calls for managers and employees with quick minds that know how to solves problems quickly and their imagination are not limited. Being creative provides numerous benefits for companies and that the management level it should be replicated down to the levels of employees level. What precisely is creativity, one might ask? Basically it is that processes of generating new ideas. It does not matter what that idea might be once it is a bit different from what was their already it†s a creative idea. Sometimes creativity is confused with innovation, which is about planning and implementing ideas. By being creative with in companies and businesses the amount of benefits increases. Not being creative set back companies to the classic school of management, which does not produce much growth for cutting edge businesses that wish to excel. Creation of new markets by diversity is a benefit that creativity brings about. As it can be seen in 3M case on page 35 of the Management organization textbook. This small mining company 3M (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company) was nearly bankrupt but due to the quick reaction by management things were quickly turned around from heading down hill. Seeing that thing were failing in the mining venture they made a key decision to turn from that and focus on the mine†s output- abrasive grit. This carried them off into focusing on sandpaper and grinding wheels. These areas were also somewhat difficult. Over time the company continued to experiment with a Varity of products ideas. Many of there ideas came from its employees and customers. In this we can see that they implemented more recent schools of management theories such as behavioral, system, and contingency. Management listened to its employees and customers. Which does not happen in the classical school. New ideas helped this saved this company but most importantly of all was that willingness to accept and implement these ideas by management. With creativity skills business are able to use or see new ways of satisfying their customers needs. Managers should know that the survival and profitability of their organization are directly linked to meeting or exceeding customers needs and expectations. They satisfy customers by guaranteeing that all individual efforts and their results posses guilty. This can be demonstrated in the automotive industry. From the early ages of this automotive industry it can be seen that different ideas in creative design have lead to some of the most successful automotive companies. Toyota by using new fuel-efficient technology produces cares that run longer distances with the same amount of fuel. This attracts customers because they can use the some amount of fuel and increase mileage of their travel. Hereby we see that the ultimate goal is achieved increased revenue by the creative power of new idea and innovation in technology. Increased revenue is usually the goal of many business companies and by implementing new ideas and new and more efficient way of carrying on business organizations can move forward. In the 21st century without managers and employees who do not think that they are creative need to really â€Å"check if they still want to have jobs†. As given in the hand out there are basically 3 saying which limit persons thinking they are 1. I†m not creative. 2. I don†t know how to be creative. 3. It†s not ok to e creative around there. We need to overcome these limits and release our minds from these mental blocks. The creative powers are instilled in each of us as children but because of lack of use or prohibition of use. Some of use grow up thinking so logical (lift side brain thinking) that we need to practice to be creative. The (right side brain thinking) the creative side need to be use along side the left side to create the most fantastic results. It is the managers position to instill and encourage creativity at all levels of management. First line or operating management level will have to be more creative than that top and middle management. This is because they are the supervisor team leaders. Who over see the work of non-management people. Organizations or businesses can do a wide Varity of thing to increase creativity. The simple structured techniques like brain storming and mind mapping are good places to start. Some other methods used to access creative potentials are storytelling, dance, mask work, visualization, poetry, painting, sculpting and metaphor. It is also important to note that some methods will work will with certain organizations and others will not. Creativity as seen is an essential core requirement to the survival in the business world. More and more person and organizations are realizing this and taping into this natural skill and reaping the benefits. Therefore as student†s teachers, workers and managers we should all encourage and promote these creative powers.

Obama being presidentelect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obama being presidentelect - Essay Example The answer is twofold. Obama was elected because of a) changing times and attitudes and b) his position on Iraq war. We have to admit that our younger generation is not as biased as our older generations were when it comes to race. The youth especially in urban areas and big metropolitan cities have come in contact with people from so many countries that they do not even know if there could ever be just one skin color. They know very well that nationals of different countries have been contributing to the growth of the country and hence consider them as much an American citizen as any. This has had a major impact on Obama's campaign that was all about "change". Obama said from the very beginning that all he wanted was "change". And he as an African American was the very symbol of "Change". A white man in his place talking of change could never have been as effective as him. This is simply because to talk about change, it was important to also represent change and be a symbol of change. That is what people found in Barack Obama's racial background. Another very important thing was Obama's stand on war. ... We need to understand that most countries can fight their own wars and if they cannot, then USA must learn to choose its battles carefully. This is because over the last many years, we have lost hundreds of thousands of our men to senseless wars- to wars that were not even ours. Being a military person, I know how much our country means to us. But when a young person joins the army, he is doing that to protect the country and defend its interests. However over the past 20 years, we have fought wars that had little or nothing to do with United States directly. As the result of this, resentment has grown in people's minds and hearts. They may respect the military but they do not want to see their young boys die in battles that were not even their own. In other words, if a boy dies while fighting to defend his country, it is seen as an honor. But when the same person dies on foreign land, fighting a battle between two countries that he doesn't even belong to, people naturally resent it. This doesn't make them any less patriotic. They only want to see battles chosen carefully so their boys can fight for their own country and not lose their lives in a futile war. This is exactly what has happened during Iraq war. We have lost tens of hundreds of precious lives both in Afghanistan and Iraq. And these wars have been going for a long time now. People are tired of senseless killing and want to see their children come back home. Obama touched people's hearts and souls when he said he would end the war in Iraq and bring those young boys back. Imagine the relief so many mothers and families must have felt upon hearing this. Do you think that with such a claim, anyone else had even a remote chance of

Research paper on global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research paper on global warming - Essay Example Research into the subject reveals that reducing greenhouse gasses through the development of renewable energy would provide tremendous benefits to the country. By understanding the effects of greenhouse gasses on the atmosphere we breathe, the water cycle we’re truly dependent on and the resulting effects these changes will have on the landmasses we live on, it can be seen how the development of new forms of energy can introduce highly beneficial changes into our lifestyles and future. The rising global temperature is and will continue to cause major changes to the environment which in turn will negatively affect the U.S. economy to an extent that can only be speculative. What is known is that the impact will be nothing short of catastrophic regarding both the earth and economy. Only by quickly implementing alternative sources of automobile fuel and electricity on a large scale can this looming disaster be averted. Worldwide, carbon dioxide emissions are creating widespread health impacts even as greater numbers of people begin using cars for longer distances (Dearry, 2004: A600). Eighty percent of the world’s population accounts for just 35 percent of CO2 emissions while the United States is responsible for generating nearly half of this amount. Automobiles are the main cause of air pollution with toxins emitted from stacks at coal-burning electric power plants running a close second (Dahl, 2005: A239). In addition to CO2 emissions, vehicles emit carbon mo noxides (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), all of which contribute to global warming (Energy Information Administration, 2004). At the same time, these emissions begin to break down the overall health of the population with increases in respiratory diseases and other illnesses as a result of the chemicals being pulled deep into our lungs (Carter in NOW, 2007). Thus, our

Ethics-----Assisted Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics-----Assisted Suicide - Essay Example Thus, the concept of assisted suicide when done with the purpose of hastening the inevitable where disease has already prepared the body for death should become a part of a the standard for care that is given to individuals who wish to avoid the pain of disease, the loss of mental facilities when dying, or to avoid the expense of an unnecessarily prolonged extension of a life that is already lost. The word suicide is defined as â€Å"the act of killing yourself† (Jeffers & Smith, 2007, p. 81). While this is a simple definition, it lacks the appropriate level of nuance in order to fully define the full reference to everything that it implies. Suicide is the act of taking one’s own life, but it is also an act that brings with it a series of cultural images that imply sin, socially adverse action, and culturally shameful action. In Western cultures, taking one’s own life is generally considered a sin and in the United States, it is an illegal act that has criminal consequences. This can be seen in the way that Cleave (2001) reflects her definition of suicide when she states that it is â€Å"the act of killing yourself, often while mentally unstable† (p, 146). This also becomes a part of the discussion in that it is assumed that in taking one’s life it is done under the influence of mental instability. Other terminology that can be used to describe the event of taking one’s life when placed in the position of having a disease that is going to take one’s life is to call the event voluntary euthanasia. This becomes a less volatile terminology that can be discussed on terms that do not suggest sin, mental instability, and can call into question policies of illegality. A definition of voluntary euthanasia is that it â€Å"takes place when a patient who is dying or who is in intolerable pain asks someone to help him or her to die to avoid any further suffering† (Cleave,

A Case Study on Ethics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A on Ethics - Case Study Example In this case study which was based on a real time incident of New Orleans the major ethical issue was that the police officers did not take the right action and was carried away in emotion for their fellow officer. As per morality the most appropriate approach in this situation would have been to ensure proper treatment for Archie and then execute the judgment made by legal bodies. However this form of action was highly ignored by police officials and they preferred to brutally beat Archie for the crime he had committed. Often in such criminal cases it is observed that homicide or rather encounter is considered to be the best solution but ethically it can be stated as the harshest judgment towards an individual. The form of shootout which had taken place in New Orleans is common in that region and there are many cases as that of Archie where criminals are brutally killed by police officers so as to ensure that there is proper elimination of crime from the region (Turvey & Crowder 104 ). The major factual issue which has been identified in the case was Archie had committed wrong and he was being penalized for that, but it raises ethical issues because officers in order to do justice for their team member did not give the necessary medication to Archie which he required. In this particular scenario there is couple of actions which could have been taken by police officials so as to avoid any such violation of ethics. The first action could have been taking Archie to the nearest hospital so that he can survive.

Branding of a City in the 21st Century Coursework

Branding of a City in the 21st Century - Coursework Example The results of analysing the case studies have provided great examples of revealing the elements that interprets in consumer's mind from different perspectives. Such that, branding is measured in aspects of tangible and intangible forces as far as the image of the city is concerned. Most importantly, the paper has examined that brand value of a city can only be studied through identifying the psychological way that influences the decision making process, and the overall elements required for branding a city such as the emerging importance of societies. Moreover, the investigation of branding elements are recommended by the author for further study in order to thoroughly analyse how these elements are incorporated in cities nowadays. Also, examination on competition between cities may provide a vital role of continuing the study in the future. Marketing is an arena where the basic norm is to promote visibility. Visibility, in turn, depends on positioning which again depends on branding and the equity commanded by the same. This research paper focuses on the elements that go into branding a city so as to understand the importance of branding a city in the 21st Century. Globalisation has had far reaching effects on the way cities are perceived. In this age of increased information and access, it has become imperative to present cities as brands, not just organisations or celebrities. This has prompted cities the world over to study and implement strategies that will accentuate brand equity as this is the greatest indicator of, and the base for, the calculation of returns on investment in terms of having a definite character of each city that makes it a distinct brand. While the consumer's awareness of a brand, and the reasons for choosing an

What Part Did Religious Ideals Play In The Renaissance Voyages Of Essay

What Part Did Religious Ideals Play In The Renaissance Voyages Of Columbus - Essay Example European monarchs broke away from feudalism to form powerful alliances with the new and wealthy merchant class, whose members were eager for new trading routes, for access to spice markets and for the fabled wealth of the East. Each of these elements was significant for the voyages of discovery, but they were heightened by the missionary character of Christianity and the ideals urged upon its followers by the New Testament. To conquer lands, not just for their riches but also in search of converts, proved to be powerfully motivating.1 So alluring in fact that concerns over navigational knowledge paled into insignificance and ‘faith’ was substituted for sound maritime practices. Without the powerful lure of Christianizing the New World, their Catholic Majesties may perhaps never have sponsored the voyages. And without the conversion zeal exhibited by Christopher Columbus, there may not have been four voyages. Thus the religious ideals of the Renaissance world, of the Span ish Monarchs of Columbus the man played a major role in bringing about the voyages. There can be no doubt about the religious commitment of Isabella of Castile. She ascended to the Spanish throne in 1474 and in the following years contributed greatly to strengthening the dominance of Catholicism in Europe. She was a woman who would be famed throughout history for her great political foresight but who would also plunge all of Christendom into a frenzy of religious ‘cleansing’, through her ‘devotional fanaticism’.2 Isabella was determined to reclaim ‘Christendom’ from the Moors, to which purpose she had committed Spain to quasi-religious wars in the Middle East and on Spanish soil for nearly two decades. She finally completed her Reconquista of Spain with Granada, which was retaken in 14923 and the mood of victory heightened into an atmosphere of pious euphoria throughout the Mediterranean.  

The Socratic Theory of Recollection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Socratic Theory of Recollection - Essay Example What is education Are there any general objectives for it Are there any universal methods in it Is there such a thing as the typical child upon whom they may be practiced Traditionally, philosophical methods have consisted of analysis and clarification of concepts, arguments, theories, and language. Philosophers, as philosophers, have not usually created theories of education (or teaching, learning, and the like); instead, they have analyzed theories and arguments--sometimes enhancing previous arguments, sometimes raising powerful objections that lead to the revision or abandonment of theories and lines of arguments. (Leon Bailey, 205)However, there are many exceptions to this view of philosophy as analysis and clarification. The classical Greek philosophers, for example, construed philosophy much more broadly and explored a host of questions that later philosophers--more narrowly analytic in their outlook--rejected as outside the scope of philosophy. Indeed, for the Greeks, "philosophy" meant "love of wisdom," and today we think of their discussions as part of an "immortal conversation." Many of us believe that philosophy went too far in rejecting t he eternal questions, and there are signs that philosophers may once again invite their students to join in the immortal conversation. Socrates was one of the philosophers who grounded independent education, stating that both teacher and pupil had equal roles in the process of education. Further we will discuss Socrates' theory of recollection in the view of saying: " "There is no such thing as teaching, and no such thing as learning".Socrates' attitude to knowledge and education was clearly announced in Apology: a life of the former kind is not worth living. Once one recognizes one's ignorance, one must recognize that a life in such a state is not worth living. One must make it one's chief concern to seek out "wisdom, truth, and the best possible state of one's soul." Nevertheless, in the early dialogues, Socrates puts forth no substantive view about how such knowledge is to be acquired, either because he failed to recognize the problem or because he had no solution to it. (Charles J. Brauner, 353-355) His contribution is limited to seeking out those who profess to care about these things, questioning them, examining them, and testing them, learning from them if they know (unfortunately no one he meets does), and persuading them of their ignorance if and when they do not. Socrates had the support of the Delphic oracle (and perhaps even his daimonion) to sustain his faith that this was enough.The teacher, according to Socrates, is the leader of civilization. He must pursue truth even when his contemporaries oppose him. Integrity, above all, is demanded from the schoolmaster. The function of the teacher, according to Socrates, is to awaken the average man. The majority, he felt, is guided by irrational thoughts and lethargy, and lives in a cave of half-truths and illusions. Once the student is stirred, and once he becomes aware, he sees a new meaning in life. He probes and he questions. He is guided by curiosity and takes pleasure in

Summary of 3 Men in a Boat Essay Example for Free

Summary of 3 Men in a Boat Essay Three Men in a Boat is a deceptively simple story: three friends take a boating holiday on the River Thames. At first sight this does not seem a likely plot for a classic work of comedy, and the fact that it was written in the late Victorian period and was an instant bestseller seems even harder to believe. Nowadays a sense of humour does not immediately spring to mind as a defining characteristic of the Victorians, particular as Queen Victoria herself is famous for the remark, ‘We are not amused!’ Jerome K. Jerome later wrote, ‘I did not intend to write a funny book, at first. I did not know I was a humorist. I never have been sure about it. In the middle ages, I should probably have gone about preaching and got myself burnt or hanged.’ Although the book was a huge success with the reading public, Jerome was lucky that it was not killed off by the reviews. ‘Of course it was damned by the critics,’ Jerome observed. ‘One might have imagined – to read some of them – that the British Empire was in danger. One Church dignitary went about the country denouncing me. Punch was especially indignant, scenting an insidious attempt to introduce â€Å"new humour† into comic literature.’ The humour lies not in the plot, but in the detail. A relaxing holiday on the river, rowing and sailing upstream, seeing the sights, and camping in the boat during overnight stops – what could possibly go wrong? The answer, of course, is just about everything, and it is the antics of the three men with their differering attitudes and approaches to the various problems that make the book so funny. On the periphery, there is also the dog Montmorency, a thoroughly anarchic figure whose practical solution to their difficulties usually consists of getting out of the way until all the fuss dies down. Most of the humour comes from comic set pieces, such as the agony of putting up a tent in adverse weather conditions. In some cases, episodes that still raise a laugh (because they are based on peren nial problems like finding the correct train at a railway station) were actually topical jokes. Waterloo station was considered a confusing mess of platforms that it was almost impossible to find your way around, and the idea of bribing a train driver to take you wherever you want to go appeals as much to the modern railway user as it did to the Victorians. Indeed, the whole book was topical, because a river boating holiday had only become fashionable a decade before, and part of the book’s success was due to the fact that boating on the Thames was the latest craze at the time it was published. The book also broke new ground with its subject matter and with its protagonists. The most popular books of the day were generally adventures with dashing heroes, by authors such as H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Robert Louis Stevenson. A book about three ordinary men and their minor but hilarious adventures on the river was something totally new. Also new was the structure of the book, though whether by accident or design is unclear. The structure is completely unbalanced, since it takes the first quarter of the book to discuss and plan the trip and get them onto the river, while the return journey is wrapped up in just eleven pages. The trip on the river is really just a frame on which to hang the various anecdotes and digressions that contain much of the humour. At intervals, and often sitting uncomfortably within the string of anecdotes and incidents, Jerome provides straight descriptive passages in a guidebook style, noting the places they are passing and their history. Sometimes he overdoes things, with fantasies such as a long description of how King John signed the Magna Carta at Runnymede. He seems to be trying to convey the idle thoughts and flights of fancy inspired by locations of such historical importance, but this does not always work. In general, his shorter descriptions succeed far better in creating the illusion of a real trip on the river. Jerome was very well acquainted with the river, having made many trips on it with friends and even spending his honeymoon there with his new bride, immediately before writing the book. He certainly drew on previous experiences, and the three men he writes about had real counterparts – Jerome himself was the narrator ‘J.’, ‘George’ was based on a George Wingrave, and ‘Harris’ on Carl Hentschel. Only the dog, Montmorency, was entirely imaginary. Perhaps the key to the success of Three Men in a Boat lies in its combination of simplicity and set-piece humorous incidents, most of which have a timeless, universal appeal. The book has been translated into many languages and repeatedly adapted for television. It is probably as popular today as when first published, because much of the language seems so fresh and modern. The book is narrated in the first person by the author, who is refered to as J by his friends. It begins with J, and his friends harris and George, deciding to take a boat trip up the Thames from Kingston to oxford,and then back again (the book was written in 1888, when boating on the Thames was enormously popular). They are unanimous in agreeing that this is a good idea (except for Js dog, Montmorency, who doesnt care for boating). They have trouble getting packed, and in the morning Harris and J take a train to Kingston, where the boat is waiting for them. George is joining them later when he has finished his work at the bank. they row up passt Hampton Court, where Harris describes an incident when he got lost in Hampton Court maze with some friends (this is one of the funniest parts of the book). George joines the party, and they have trouble towing the boat, and later they have even more trouble trying to put the cover over the boat for the night. they all get fed up with each other, but cheer up when they have a good tea. There is a long passage about the signing of Magna Carta (there are several passages like this in the book, where the author gets serious for a bit). They have various other mishaps as they travel up the river, like the time when they are having tinned pineapple for tea, and cant find the tin-opener. They spend a lot of time trying to open it with no success. And there are stories of other trips they made up the river, like the time J was ou tin a aboat with his cousin, and they thought they were going crazy because they couldnt find Wallingford Lock (it turns out the lock had been demolished some years earlier). And ther ere is the time when they are in an inn which has a stuffed trout in a case on the wall, and several different people come in and claim to have been the one who caught it, but when George stands on a chair to look at it, he knocks it down and it breaks it turns out to be plaster of Paris! When they reach Oxford, and start to travel bac, it starts to rain, and they arent enjoying themselves somuch. So they abandon the boat and take the train back to London, where they go to a show and then have a good dinner in a restaurant. They make a toast Heres to three men well out of a boat!

Health and Nutrition of Developing Nations

Health and Nutrition of Developing Nations Timothy Lee It may seem as an overwhelming task when attempting to understand the factors that are related to the health and nutrition of many, if not all, of the developing nations around the world. There is though one reoccurring factor that is constantly mentioned no matter where you begin your research into the issue, poverty. The mentioning of the term â€Å"developing nation† has become synonymous with the term poverty in my own mind. The issue at hand is how to turn these nations from developing to developed, which in turn would also contribute to the improvement of proper health needs and adequate nutrition standards for all. From malaria stricken nations to malnourished nations across the developing spectrum poverty plays a role. It is becoming more difficult now though to just blame poverty since there has been such a large influx in foreign aid to these developing nations[LL2]. Help is being offered, and it is upon the citizens of these unhealthy nations to take full advantage of these benefits, even if that means teaching the local populations the benefits of say sleeping under a bed net or feeding your children proper nutritional meals even on the low income budget that they have, as a few of the Millennium Development Goals have referenced. Source[LL3]: http://ih887.pbworks.com/w/page/5284039/Micronutrient%20Deficiency One of the biggest health related diseases that impacts such a large number of people and yet can be prevented is that of Malaria. In the case of providing bed nets to all families of developing nations to help in the prevention of malaria, the cost of providing the nets is very small and are in rather ample supply[LL4]. The benefits from using the bed nets, those being less infected citizens, stronger workforce due to the advancement of the individuals’ health, etc.., greatly outweigh any monetary cost[LL5]. The individuals that would use the bed nets would get sick less often, be able to work harder, and the overall income gains would easily cover the initial costs plus more. There are two sides to the argument of providing these simple bed nets for free. The first being that in developing nations where malaria is rampant, the poverty trap is so deep that they are to the point where they can’t even afford to purchase the necessities for the prevention of the disease, thus people like Jeffery Sachs suggests that if we were to finance malaria eradication for these developing nations then they would end up on the right side of his S-shaped curve on the road to opulence. The other side of the argument is that skeptics are not positive that malaria is the actual cause for that countries poverty and that maybe it is because of a corrupt government for their failure to eradicate malaria, and if that is true, then getting rid of the disease wouldn’t help. In my opinion, both arguments make valid points. It is reasonable to assume that a country is poor because of the health of its citizens and if health improved then so to would its economy[LL6]. That being said, it could also be seen as being naà ¯ve to think that the health of a nation would be the only factor in that nation’s economic well-being[LL7]. Despite the size, governments of all countries play an enormous role in their citizens well-being health wise, economic wise, and etc. b ut to look at a poor country and determine that one cause, that being malaria in this case, is the reason for that nation’s poverty, in my opinion, would be a misinterpretation of the causes of poverty as a whole. Note that Malaria is not the only disease that is rampant and plaguing developing nations but is by far the easiest example to point to and say, â€Å"It can be done†, the â€Å"it† being the prevention of the disease, the repossession of several million able body workers into the workforce, and ultimately the building of a weak economy. The next step for a developing nation would be to tackle the nutritional standards of its population and ensure that those needs are being met in a way to guarantee that the population stays healthy. â€Å"Just as micronutrient deficiencies can lead to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, infectious disease can also contribute to micronutrient deficiencies since the body requires increased micronutrients when combating disease. Worldwide, between 140 and 250 million children suffer from Vitamin A deficiency (VAD[LL8]).Primary VAD is usually caused by prolonged dietary deprivation, in particular lack of vegetables and animal products, and is particularly endemic in areas where rice is the staple food (Muller Krawinkel, 2005).† The absence of adequate vegetables and animal products cannot be blamed on the average citizen but rather on the lack focus on the ecology, the economy, and the culture of the regions being observed[LL9]. Sachs view on the health of developing nations is that we should begin â€Å"scaling up† our efforts on the international side and support community health workers. While in previous Sachs arguments, that being about the poverty trap, I would’ve agreed with his views, but when it comes to providing educational matters related to health, or providing all the tools to a nation to improve their own health care system then when would that nation become self-sufficient and no longer need aid, educational help regarding nutrition, or their basic needs be met? [LL10]How long would we as the international community stand by and continuously pour money into these nati ons? In conclusion, there is without a doubt a definite need for foreign aid when it comes to the health and nutritional standards of developing nations[LL11]. These countries are in a rut, also known as â€Å"The Poverty Trap†, and can only climb out of such trap when the proper ladder is offered to help bring them out from the hole they find themselves in as Sachs explains it. This doesn’t however excuse these developing nations from all responsibilities involving their population and the providing of proper education, food, and economic well-being for its citizens. When a nation [LL12]has so called â€Å"low-hanging fruits† available to them but doesn’t or won’t take full advantage of these â€Å"fruits† even after the international community has exhausted its capabilities to educate, influence, and integrate proper health and nutritional standards then in my opinion said nations should be coerced [LL13]into following the protocol that other de veloping nations are following by having some sort of aid reduction policy implemented so that countries would feel obligated to begin doing for themselves what they should be doing all along[LL14], and until they show evidence of taking advantage of the â€Å"low-hanging fruits†. Works Cited[LL15] Banerjee, Abhijit V., and Esther Duflo. Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. New York: Public Affairs, 2011. Print. â€Å"Micronutrient Deficiency.† Ih887 /. Web. 25 June 2015. Muller, O., Krawinkel, M., (2005)Malnutrition and Health in Developing Countries.CMAJ, 279-286. Sachs, Jeffrey. A Call to Scale-Up Community Health Workers. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com. Web. 25 June 2015. [LL1]Nice job Tim. Organization needs a little more work though. It’s a little hard to tell if your focus is on aid or health, or both and you’re missing a few opportunities to apply more critical analysis. Esp. conclusion seems a bit abrupt and doesn’t seem to link closely to your intro. It’s a bit short of the word count laid out in the syllabus, and a bit short on analysis and discussion in a few places. Otherwise, a nice project. Grade: 80 [LL2]Can you develop this more? How does the influx of aid make this more difficult? [LL3]Need to discuss/explain/introduce this graphic as part of your discussion. This is a bit choppy. [LL4]Need to cite these two claims. [LL5]According to who? So why don’t more people use them? [LL6]Develop this argument a bit more. [LL7]Good point. [LL8]Citation? And why is this bad? [LL9]Can we blame any other factors? Why are there fewer elephants in Kenya than in Zinbabwe? [LL10]I think I get your basic point, but the wording /structure is making it hard to follow you. [LL11]Not sure you’ve established this point†¦ your intro seemed to suggest that you saw merit in the idea that aid might hurt more than help†¦ [LL12]Do you mean the government/members of government or the population at large? [LL13]By who? We should send in the army? [LL14]Need to develop this idea a bit more in the preceding paragrphs†¦ what are some things that can be done, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of these proposals? Do they seem reasonable to you? Etc. [LL15]Works cited doesn’t seem quite uniform